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Represented in romanization (for example, lain, laut, permintaan ). (b) Hamzah used to separate contiguous vowels, supported by, or or is not , 8(a) In Arabic words, and most Arabic loans where it is found, hamzah is romanizedĪccording to the rules for Arabic (including use of the non-alphabetic mark (alif)). The letter (yad) is used: (a) to represent the consonant romanized as y (b) to represent the vowels and diphthong romanized as i, e, and ai and (c) to support (hamzah) (see rule 8b). The letter (wau) is used: (a) to represent the consonant romanized as w (b) to represent the vowels and diphthong romanized as u, o, and au and (c) to support (hamzah) (see rule 8b).ħ. The optional alif gantung (for example, in the word ), when used, does not change the romanized form of the word.Ħ. Following a consonant, alif represents the vowel romanized as a.ĥ. At the beginning of a word, alif represents an initial vowel or diphthong and is romanized accordingly as a, e, i, u, o (), au, (), e, ( ), or ai ( ). 3 (wau), and hamzah) when so used these letters) yad) are used to support) are not represented in romanization. Thus the word will be romanized kudus when it appears as a Malay word, but quds when it is used as an Arabic term or in an Arabic phrase. Malay words of Arabic origin whose orthography is the same as the Arabic might therefore be romanized differently at different points in the same text. Arabic words (not Arabic loan words) appearing in a Malay text are analogous to French words and expressions in a Russian novel or Latin phrases in a Catholic theology text, and their distinctness should be preserved by transliterating them in accordance with the rules governing the romanization of the relevant language, Arabic or Malay. In this table, the Indonesian standard, referred to as Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan, has been employed.Ģ. Two widely accepted standards for writing Malay in the Latin script exist: the Indonesian and the Malaysian. Nevertheless, for the purposes of cataloging, it is essential to standardize the romanized form of every lexeme. Jawi orthography is far from standard, particularly in handwritten documents. The letters and are used for Javanese and Sundanese transliterations.ġ. When this is clearly the case, the letter should be romanized as p.Ĩ.
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The letter is often used as a shorthand way of writing. Some words of Arabic origin with the letter have come into the language with the equivalent l (e.g., lahir), others with the equivalent z (e.g., zalim).ĥ. Jawi letters typically found only in Arabic and Arabic loan words.Ĥ. Common usage for the types of literature in which such words appear should always be followed.ģ. The boundary between words that are Arabic loans and those that are foreign Arabic terms used in Malay context is not always easy to draw. The letter not designated with an asterisk represents the proper romanization value for the letter when it occurs in Malay words. Letters in the romanization column marked with an asterisk (*) represent the romanized value of the equivalent Jawi letter when it occurs in Arabic words (not Arabic loan words). H (w, u, o, au (see Note 6 v (y, i, e, ai (see Note 7Ģ.
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(omit (see Note 3 (gh (see Note 3 ng (f, p (see Notes 3 and 5* (q, k (see Note 2* p k g l m n ny (omit (see Note 1 b t (th, s (see Note 2* j c h kh d (dh, z (see Notes 2 and 3* (dh (see Note 8 r (z (see Note 3 s (sy (see Note 3 (, s (see Notes 2 and 3* (, d (see Notes 2 and 3* (, t (see Notes 2 and 3* (, l, z (see Notes 3 and 4* (th (see Note 8